Expert systems use each of the following items except for _______________.

A.
Automatic logical processing

B.
General methods of searching for problem solutions

C.
An inference engine

D.
Cycle-based reasoning

Explanation:
D: An expert system attempts to reason like a person by using logic that works with the gray areas in life. It does this by using a knowledge base, automatic logical processing components, general methods of searching for solutions, and an inference engine. It carries out its logical processing with rule-based programming.