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which of the following to perform mathematical functions, substitution, and permutations on message bits?

Block ciphers use which of the following to perform mathematical functions, substitution, and permutations on message bits?

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A.
S-boxes

B.
Certificates

C.
Keystream

D.
Initialization vectors

Explanation:
Substitution boxes, or S-boxes, use lookup tables that determine how
bits should be scrambled and substituted.


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