Which of the following concepts describes the use of a one way transformation in order to validate
the integrity of a program?

A.
Hashing

B.
Key escrow

C.
Non-repudiation

D.
Steganography

Explanation:
Hashing refers to the hash algorithms used in cryptography. It is used to store data, such as hash
tables and its main characteristics are:
It must be one-way – it is not reversible.
Variable-length input produces fixed-length output – whether you have two characters or 2 million,
the hash size is the same.
The algorithm must have few or no collisions – in hashing two different inputs does not give the
same output.