Which of the following concepts describes the use of a one-way transformation in order to validate the integrity
of a program?

A.
Hashing

B.
Key escrow

C.
Non-repudiation

D.
Steganography

Explanation:
Hashing refers to the hash algorithms used in cryptography. It is used to store data, such as hash tables and its
main characteristics are:
It must be one-way – it is not reversible.
Variable-length input produces fixed-length output – whether you have two characters or 2 million, the hash size
is the same.
The algorithm must have few or no collisions – in hashing two different inputs does not give the same output.