An IT auditor tests an application as an authenticated user.
Which of the following types of testing is this an example of?

A.
Penetration

B.
White box

C.
Black box

D.
Gray box

Explanation:
In this question, the tester is testing the application as an authenticated user. We can assume from this that the
tester has at least limited knowledge of the application. This meets the criteria of a grey-box test.
Gray box testing, also called gray box analysis, is a strategy for software debugging in which the tester has
limited knowledge of the internal details of the program. A gray box is a device, program or system whose
workings are partially understood.
Gray box testing can be contrasted with black box testing, a scenario in which the tester has no knowledge or
access to the internal workings of a program, or white box testing, a scenario in which the internal particulars
are fully known. Gray box testing is commonly used in penetration tests.
Gray box testing is considered to be non-intrusive and unbiased because it does not require that the tester have
access to the source code. With respect to internal processes, gray box testing treats a program as a black box
that must be analyzed from the outside. During a gray box test, the person may know how the system
components interact but not have detailed knowledge about internal program functions and operation. A clear
distinction exists between the developer and the tester, thereby minimizing the risk of personnel conflicts.