The goal of an information system is to achieve integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation of information-s sent across the network. Which of the following statement correctly describe the steps to address all three?

A. Encrypt the message digest using symmetric key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message.

B. Encrypt the message digest using receivers public key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt the message digest using his own private key.

C. Encrypt the message digest using senders public key and then send the encrypted digest to the receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt using his own private key.

D. Encrypt message digest using senders private key and then send the encrypted digest to the receiver along with original message. Receiver can decrypt the same using senders public key.

The digital signature is used to achieve integrity, authenticity and non-repudiation. In a digital signature, the senders private key is used to encrypt the message digest of the message. Encrypting the message digest is the act of Signing the message. The receiver will use the matching public key of the sender to decrypt the Digital Signature using the senders public key.

A digital signature (not to be confused with a digital certificate) is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. Digital signatures cannot be forged by someone else who does not possess the private key, it can also be automatically time-stamped. The ability to ensure that the original signed message arrived means that the sender cannot easily repudiate it later.

A digital signature can be used with any kind of message, whether it is encrypted or not, simply so that the receiver can be sure of the senders identity and that the message arrived intact. A digital certificate contains the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that anyone can verify that the certificate is real and has not been modified since the day it was issued.

How Digital Signature Works

Assume you were going to send the draft of a contract to your lawyer in another town. You want to give your lawyer the assurance that it was unchanged from what you sent and that it is really from you.

You copy-and-paste the contract (its a short one!) into an e-mail note.

Using special software, you obtain a message hash (mathematical summary) of the contract.

You then use a private key that you have previously obtained from a public-private key authority to encrypt the hash.

The encrypted hash becomes your digital signature of the message. (Note that it will be different each time you send a message.)

At the other end, your lawyer receives the message.

To make sure its intact and from you, your lawyer makes a hash of the received message.

Your lawyer then uses your public key to decrypt the message hash or summary.

If the hashes match, the received message is valid.

Below are some common reasons for applying a digital signature to communications:

Authentication

Although messages may often include information about the entity sending a message, that information may not be accurate. Digital signatures can be used to authenticate the source of messages. The importance of high assurance in the sender authenticity is especially obvious in a financial context. For example, suppose a banks branch office sends instructions to the central office requesting a change in the balance of an account. If the central office is not convinced that such a message is truly sent from an authorized source, acting on such a request could be a serious mistake.

Integrity

In many scenarios, the sender and receiver of a message may have a need for confidence that the message has not been altered during transmission. Although encryption hides the contents of a message, it may be possible to change an encrypted message without understanding it.(Some encryption algorithms, known as nonmalleable ones, prevent this, but others do not.) However, if a message is digitally signed, any change in the message after the signature has been applied would invalidates the signature. Furthermore, there is no efficient way to modify a message and its signature to produce a new message with a valid signature, because this is still considered to be computationally infeasible by most cryptographic hash functions (see collision resistance).

Non-repudiation

Non-repudiation, or more specifically non-repudiation of origin, is an important aspect of digital signatures. By this property, an entity that has signed some information cannot at a later time deny having signed it. Similarly, access to the public key only does not enable a fraudulent party to fake a valid signature.

Note that authentication, non-repudiation, and other properties rely on the secret key not having been revoked prior to its usage. Public revocation of a key-pair is a required ability, else leaked secret keys would continue to implicate the claimed owner of the key-pair. Checking revocation status requires an -online- check, e.g. checking a -Certificate Revocation List- or via the -Online Certificate Status Protocol-. This is analogous to a vendor who receives credit-cards first checking online with the credit-card issuer to find if a given card has been reported lost or stolen.

Tip for the exam

Digital Signature does not provide confidentiality. It provides only authenticity and integrity. The senders private key is used to encrypt the message digest to calculate the digital signature

Encryption provides only confidentiality. The receivers public key or symmetric key is used for encryption

The following were incorrect answers:

Encrypt the message digest using symmetric key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message – Symmetric key encryption does not provide non-repudiation as symmetric key is shared between users

Encrypt the message digest using receivers public key and then send the encrypted digest to receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt the message digest using his own private key – Receivers public key is known to everyone. This will not address non-repudiation

Encrypt the message digest using senders public key and then send the encrypted digest to the receiver along with original message. The receiver can decrypt using his own private key -The sender public key is known to everyone. If senders key is used for encryption then senders private key is required to decrypt data. The receiver will not be able to decrypt the digest as receiver will not have senders private key.

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

CISA review manual 2014 Page number 331

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Digital_Signature_diagram.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signature

http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/digital-signature