In which of the following activities an organization identifies and prioritizes technical, organizational, procedural, administrative, and physical security weaknesses?

A.
Social engineering

B.
Vulnerability assessment

C.
White box testing

D.
Penetration testing

Explanation:
A vulnerability assessment is the process of identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing (or ranking) the vulnerabilities in a system. Examples of systems for which vulnerability assessments are performed for include, but are not limited to, nuclear power plants, information technology systems, energy supply systems, water supply systems, transportation systems, and communication systems.
Vulnerability is the most reliable weakness that any programming code faces.These programming codesmay be buffer overflow, xss, sql injection, etc. A piece of malware code that takes advantage of a newly announced vulnerability in a software application, usually the operating system or a Web server, is known as an exploit.
Answer option C is incorrect. White box is one of the three levels of penetration testing performed for an organization or network. This final level simulates an attacker with extensive knowledge of the organization and its infrastructure and security controls. The knowledge would come either from independent research and information gathering or from a trusted inside source with full knowledge of the network and its defenses.

Answer option A is incorrect. Social engineering is the art of convincing people and making them disclose useful information such as account names and passwords. This information is further exploited by hackers to gain access to a user’s computer or network. This method involves mental ability of people to trick someone rather than their technical skills. A user should always distrust people who ask him for his account name, password, computer name. IP address, employee ID, or other information that can be misused.

Answer option D is incorrect. A penetration testing is a method of evaluating the security of a computer system or network by simulating an attack from a malicious source. The process involves an active analysis of the system for any potential vulnerabilities that may result from poor or improper system configuration, known or unknown hardware or software flaws, or operational weaknesses in process or technical countermeasures. This analysis is carried out from the position of a potential attacker, and can involve active exploitation of security vulnerabilities. Any security issues that are found will be presented to the system owner together with an assessment of their impact and often with a proposal for mitigation or a technical solution. The intent of a penetration test is to determine feasibility of an attack and the amount of business impact of a successful exploit, if discovered. It is a component of a full security audit.