Which of the following ensures that a party to a dispute cannot deny the authenticity of their
signature on a document or the sending of a message that they originated?

A.
Confidentiality

B.
OS fingerprinting

C.
Reconnaissance

D.
Non-repudiation

Explanation:
Non-repudiation is a term that refers to the ability to ensure that a party to a dispute
cannot deny the authenticity of their signature on a document or the sending of a message that
they originated. Non-repudiation is the concept of ensuring that a party in a dispute cannot refuse
to acknowledge, or refute the validity of a statement or contract. As a service, it provides proof of
the integrity and origin of data. Although this concept can be applied to any transmission, including
television and radio, by far the most common application is in the verification and trust of
intended and authorized recipients are able to read data. The data is so encrypted that even if an
Reconnaissance is a term that refers to information gathering behaviors that aim to profile the
organization, employees, network, and systems before an attack is performed efficiently. It is the
first step in the process of intrusion and involves unauthorized discovery and mapping of systems,
services, or vulnerabilities. These discovery and mapping techniques are commonly known as
scanning and enumeration. Common tools, commands, and utilities used for scanning and
enumeration include ping, telnet, nslookup, rpcinfo, File Explorer, finger, etc. Reconnaissance

activities take place before performing a malicious attack. These activities are used to increase the
probability of successful operation against the target, and to increase the probability of hiding the
sends special traffic on the external network interface of a computer to determine the computer’s
operating system. It is one of the primary steps taken by hackers in preparing an attack.