A process in which the functionality of an application is tested without any knowledge of the internal mechanisms of the application is known as:

A.
Black box testing

B.
White box testing

C.
Black hat testing

D.
Gray box testing

Explanation:
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This
method of test can be applied to virtually every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises most if not all higher level
testing, but can also dominate unit testing as well. Specific knowledge of the application’s code/internal structure and programming knowledge in general is not
required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed to do but is not aware of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input
returns a certain, invariable output but is not aware of how the software produces the output in the first place.
Incorrect Answers:
B: White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests
internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as
well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs.
This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). White-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system levels of the software
testing process. Although traditional testers tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and system testing more
frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during integration, and between subsystems during a systemlevel test.
This question is asking about testing the application without any knowledge of the internal mechanisms. Therefore, this answer is incorrect.
C: Black hat is used to describe a hacker (or, if you prefer, cracker) who breaks into a computer system or network with malicious intent. Unlike a white hat hacker,
the black hat hacker takes advantage of the break-in, perhaps destroying files or stealing data for some future purpose. The black hat hacker may also make the
exploit known to other hackers and/or the public without notifying the victim. This gives others the opportunity to exploit the vulnerability before the organization is
able to secure it.
Black hat testing is testing an application for malicious purposes. Therefore, this answer is incorrect.
D: Gray box testing, also called gray box analysis, is a strategy for software debugging in which the tester has limited knowledge of the internal details of the
program. A gray box is a device, program or system whose workings are partially understood. Gray box testing can be contrasted with black box testing, a scenario
in which the tester has no knowledge or access to the internal workings of a program, or white box testing, a scenario in which the internal particulars are fully
known. Gray box testing is commonly used in penetration tests.
Gray box testing is considered to be non-intrusive and unbiased because it does not require that the tester have access to the source code. With respect to internal
processes, gray box testing treats a program as a black box that must be analyzed from the outside. During a gray box test, the person may know how the system
components interact but not have detailed knowledge about internal program functions and operation. A clear distinction exists between the developer and the

tester, thereby minimizing the risk of personnel conflicts. This question is asking about testing the application without any knowledge of the internal mechanisms.
Therefore, this answer is incorrect.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-box_testing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-box_testing
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/black-hat http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/gray-box