What is an effective countermeasure against Trojan horse attack that targets smart cards?

A.
Singe-access device driver architecture.

B.
Handprint driver architecture.

C.
Fingerprint driver architecture.

D.
All of the choices.

Explanation:
The countermeasure to prevent this attack is to use “single-access device driver”
architecture. With this type of architecture, the operating system enforces that only
one application can have access to the serial device (and thus the smartcard) at any
given time. This prevents the attack but also lessens the convenience of the smartcard
because multiple applications cannot use the services of the card at the same time.
Another way to prevent the attack is by using a smartcard that enforces a “one private
key usage per PIN entry” policy model. In this model, the user must enter their PIN
every single time the private key is to be used and therefore the Trojan horse would
not have access to the key.