What is an effective countermeasure against Trojan horse attack that targets smart cards?

A.
Singe-access device driver architecture.

B.
Handprint driver architecture.

C.
Fingerprint driver architecture.

D.
All of the choices.

Explanation:
The countermeasure to prevent this attack is to use “single-access device driver” architecture. With
this type of architecture, the operating system enforces that only one application can have access to
the serial device (and thus the smartcard) at any given time. This prevents the attack but also lessens
the convenience of the smartcard because multiple applications cannot use the services of the card
at the same time. Another way to prevent the attack is by using a smartcard that enforces a “one
private key usage per PIN entry” policy model. In this model, the user must enter their PIN every
single time the private key is to be used and therefore the Trojan horse would not have access to the
key.