At which of the following layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model the Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) and the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) work?

A.
The Physical layer

B.
The Data-Link layer

C.
The Network layer

D.
The Presentation layer

Explanation:
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and the Internet Group Management
Protocol (IGMP) work at the network layer of the Open System
Interconnection (OSI) model.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is an integral part of IP. It is used to report an error in
datagram processing. The Internet Protocol
(IP) is used for host-to-host datagram service in a network. The network is configured with
connecting devices called gateways. When an
error occurs in datagram processing, gateways or destination hosts report the error to the source
hosts through the ICMP protocol. The ICMP
messages are sent in various situations, such as when a datagram cannot reach its destination, when
the gateway cannot direct the host to

send traffic on a shorter route, when the gateway does not have the buffering capacity, etc.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communication protocol that multicasts messages
and information among all member devices
in an IP multicast group. However, multicast traffic is sent to a single MAC address but is processed
by multiple hosts. It can be effectively
used for gaming and showing online videos. IGMP is vulnerable to network attacks.