A digital signature is simply a message that is encrypted with the public key instead of the private key.

How many bits encryption does SHA-1 use?

Annie has just succeeded in stealing a secure cookie via a XSS attack. She is able to replay the cookie even while the session is valid on the server. Why do you think this is possible?

In Buffer Overflow exploit, which of the following registers gets overwritten with return address of the exploit code?

A simple compiler technique used by programmers is to add a terminator ‘canary word’ containing four letters NULL (0x00), CR (0x0d), LF (0x0a) and EOF (0xff) so that most string operations are terminated. If the canary word has been altered when the function returns, and the program responds by emitting an intruder alert into syslog, and then halts what does it indicate?

Which of the following countermeasure can specifically protect against both the MAC Flood and MAC Spoofing attacks?

You are the security administrator for a large network. You want to prevent attackers from running any sort of traceroute into your DMZ and discovering the internal structure of publicly accessible areas of the network. How can you achieve this?

June, a security analyst, understands that a polymorphic virus has the ability to mutate and can change its known viral signature and hide from signature-based antivirus programs. Can June use an antivirus program in this case and would it be effective against a polymorphic virus?

Study the snort rule given below and interpret the rule.

alert tcp any any –> 192.168.1.0/24 111 (content:"|00 01 86 a5|"; msg: "mountd access";)

Identify SQL injection attack from the HTTP requests shown below: