What type of attacks occurs when normal physical conditions are altered in order to gain access to s

What type of attacks occurs when normal physical conditions are altered in order to gain access to
sensitive information on the smartcard?

A.
Physical attacks

B.
Logical attacks

C.
Trojan Horse attacks

D.
Social Engineering attacks

Explanation:
Physical attacks occur when normal physical conditions, such as temperature, clock frequency,
voltage, etc, are altered in order to gain access to sensitive information on the smartcard. Most
smartcard operating systems write sensitive data to the EEPROM area in a proprietary, encrypted
manner so that it is difficult to obtain clear text keys by directly hacking into the EEPROM. Other
physical attacks that have proven to be successful involve an intense physical fluctuation at the

precise time and location where the PIN verification takes place. Thus, sensitive card functions can
be performed even though the PIN is unknown. This type of attack can be combined with the logical
attack mentioned above in order to gain knowledge of the private key. Most physical attacks require
special equipment.