To affix a digital signature to a message, the sender must first create a message digest by applying a
cryptographic hashing algorithm against:

A.
the entire message and thereafter enciphering the message digest using the sender’s private key.

B.
any arbitrary part of the message and thereafter enciphering the message digest using the sender’s private
key.

C.
the entire message and thereafter enciphering the message using the sender’s private key.

D.
the entire message and thereafter enciphering the message along with the message digest using the
sender’s private key.

Explanation:
A digital signature is a cryptographic method that ensures data integrity, authentication of the message, and
non-repudiation. To ensure these, the sender first creates a message digest by applying a cryptographic
hashing algorithm against the entire message and thereafter enciphers the message digest using the sender’s
private key. A message digest is created by applying a cryptographic hashing algorithm against the entire
message not on any arbitrary part of the message. After creating the message digest, only the message digest
is enciphered using the sender’s private key, not the message.