which of following?

In Frame Relay, FECN messages indicating congestion are sent or received by which of
following?

A.
Sent by the destination

B.
Received by the sender

C.
Received by the destination

D.
Sent by the sender

Explanation:
Congestion control
The Frame Relay network uses a simplified protocol at each switching node. It achieves simplicity
by omitting link-by-link flow-control. As a result, the offered load has largely determined the
performance of Frame Relay networks. When offered load is high, due to the bursts in some
services, temporary overload at some Frame Relay nodes causes a collapse in network
throughput. Therefore, frame-relay networks require some effective mechanisms to control the
congestion. Congestion control in frame-relay networks includes the following elements:
Admission Control provides the principal mechanism used in Frame Relay to ensure the
guarantee of resource requirement once accepted. It also serves generally to achieve high
network performance. The network decides whether to accept a new connection request, based
on the relation of the requested traffic descriptor and the network’s residual capacity. The traffic
descriptor consists of a set of parameters communicated to the switching nodes at call set-up time
or at service-subscription time, and which characterizes the connection’s statistical properties.
The traffic descriptor consists of three elements:
Committed Information Rate (CIR) – The average rate (in bit/s) at which the network guarantees to
transfer information units over a measurement interval T. This T interval is defined as: T = Bc/CIR.
Committed Burst Size (BC) – The maximum number of information units transmittable during the
interval T. Excess Burst Size (BE) – The maximum number of uncommitted information units (in
bits) that the network will attempt to carry during the interval.
Once the network has established a connection, the edge node of the Frame Relay network must
monitor the connection’s traffic flow to ensure that the actual usage of network resources does not
exceed this specification. Frame Relay defines some restrictions on the user’s information rate. It
allows the network to enforce the end user’s information rate and discard information when the
subscribed access rate is exceeded.
Explicit congestion notification is proposed as the congestion avoidance policy. It tries to keep the
network operating at its desired equilibrium point so that a certain Quality of Service (QoS) for the
network can be met. To do so, special congestion control bits have been incorporated into the
address field of the Frame Relay:
FECN and BECN. The basic idea is to avoid data accumulation inside the network.
FECN means Forward Explicit Congestion Notification. The FECN bit can be set to 1 to indicate
that congestion was experienced in the direction of the frame transmission, so it informs the
destination that congestion has occurred. BECN means Backwards Explicit Congestion
Notification. The BECN bit can be set to 1 to indicate that congestion was experienced in the

network in the direction opposite of the frame transmission, so it informs the sender that
congestion has occurred.